Encyclopedia of Water Science Vol 2, Books, Books eng, books NON FICTION, Ecology
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U•X•L ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
water science
U•X•L ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
water science
Volume 2
Economics and Uses
K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors
Lawrence W. Baker, Project Editor
U•X•L Encyclopedia of Water Science
K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors
Project Editor
Lawrence W. Baker
Imaging and Multimedia
Lezlie Light, Kelly A. Quin, Dan
Newell
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Editorial
Charles B. Montney
Product Design
Jennifer Wahi
Permissions
Denise Buckley, Shalice Shah-
Caldwell, Ann Taylor
Composition
Evi Seoud
©2005 by U•X•L. U•X•L is an imprint
of Thomson Gale, a division of
Thomson Learning, Inc.
or information storage retrieval sys-
tems—without the written permis-
sion of the publisher.
Cover photographs reproduced
courtesy of Photodisc by Getty
Images (volume 1, sailboats), courtesy
of Digital Vision Ltd. (volume 2,
pump), and by permission of Corbis,
photograph by Lester Lefkowitz (vol-
ume 3, Hoover Dam).
U•X•L® is a registered trademark
used herein under license. Thomson
Learning™ is a trademark used here-
in under license.
For permission to use material
from this product, submit your
edit.com/permissions, or you may
download our Permissions Request
form and submit your request by fax
or mail to:
While every effort has been made to
ensure the reliability of the informa-
tion presented in this publication,
Thomson Gale does not guarantee
the accuracy of data contained here-
in. Thomson Gale accepts no pay-
ment for listing; and inclusion in the
publication of any organization,
agency, institution, publication, serv-
ice, or individual does not imply
endorsement by the editors or pub-
lisher. Errors brought to the attention
of the publisher and verified to the
satisfaction of the publisher will be
corrected in future editions.
For more information, contact:
Thomson Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
Or you can visit our Internet site at
Permissions Department
Thomson Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
Permissions Hotline:
248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext.
8006
Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the
copyright hereon may be reproduced
or used in any form or by any
means—graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, taping, Web distribution,
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
UXL encyclopedia of water science / K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors ;
Lawrence W. Baker, project editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-7617-9 (set : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-7673-X (v. 1 : hard-
cover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-7674-8 (v. 2 : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-
7876-7675-6 (v. 3 : hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Water—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2. Hydrology—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. I. Lerner, K.
Lee. II. Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth. III. Baker, Lawrence W.
GB662.3.U95 2005
553.7—dc22
2004021651
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-7876-9398-7 (set)
Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
S
Chapter 7
Science and Technology
S
Aqueducts
Aqueducts are man-made conduits constructed to carry
water. The term aqueduct comes from words meaning “to lead
water” in Latin, the language of the Romans who were the first
builders of large aqueducts. Aqueducts carry water from natu-
ral sources, such as springs, into cities and towns for public use.
The first aqueducts
Wells, rivers, lakes, and streams are the oldest sources of
water. In the ancient world however, rivers and lakes were also
sometimes used as places to dispose of sewage and trash. Water
from rivers that flowed though several villages often carried dis-
ease-causing organisms. Aqueducts provided a way for a plen-
tiful supply of clean water to be piped into cities.
The earliest aqueducts were also used to transport water for
irrigation (watering crops). Aqueducts were used in ancient
India, Persia, Assyria, and Egypt as early as 700
B
.
C
.
E
. The
Romans, however, are regarded as the most famous ancient
aqueduct builders. Between 312
B
.
C
.
E
. and 230
C
.
E
., the most
complex and efficient ancient system of aqueducts was built to
supply the city of Rome with water. Outside of the capital city
of Rome, the Romans built aqueducts throughout their large
empire. Ruins of ancient aqueducts can still be seen in Italy,
Greece, North Africa, Spain, and France.
How ancient aqueducts functioned
Ancient aqueducts used tunnels and channels (passages for
water to flow) to transport water. The earliest irrigation aque-
ducts were simple canals and ditches dug into the ground. In
199
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U•X•L ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
water science
U•X•L ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
water science
Volume 2
Economics and Uses
K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors
Lawrence W. Baker, Project Editor
U•X•L Encyclopedia of Water Science
K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors
Project Editor
Lawrence W. Baker
Imaging and Multimedia
Lezlie Light, Kelly A. Quin, Dan
Newell
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Editorial
Charles B. Montney
Product Design
Jennifer Wahi
Permissions
Denise Buckley, Shalice Shah-
Caldwell, Ann Taylor
Composition
Evi Seoud
©2005 by U•X•L. U•X•L is an imprint
of Thomson Gale, a division of
Thomson Learning, Inc.
or information storage retrieval sys-
tems—without the written permis-
sion of the publisher.
Cover photographs reproduced
courtesy of Photodisc by Getty
Images (volume 1, sailboats), courtesy
of Digital Vision Ltd. (volume 2,
pump), and by permission of Corbis,
photograph by Lester Lefkowitz (vol-
ume 3, Hoover Dam).
U•X•L® is a registered trademark
used herein under license. Thomson
Learning™ is a trademark used here-
in under license.
For permission to use material
from this product, submit your
edit.com/permissions, or you may
download our Permissions Request
form and submit your request by fax
or mail to:
While every effort has been made to
ensure the reliability of the informa-
tion presented in this publication,
Thomson Gale does not guarantee
the accuracy of data contained here-
in. Thomson Gale accepts no pay-
ment for listing; and inclusion in the
publication of any organization,
agency, institution, publication, serv-
ice, or individual does not imply
endorsement by the editors or pub-
lisher. Errors brought to the attention
of the publisher and verified to the
satisfaction of the publisher will be
corrected in future editions.
For more information, contact:
Thomson Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
Or you can visit our Internet site at
Permissions Department
Thomson Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
Permissions Hotline:
248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext.
8006
Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the
copyright hereon may be reproduced
or used in any form or by any
means—graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, taping, Web distribution,
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
UXL encyclopedia of water science / K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors ;
Lawrence W. Baker, project editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-7617-9 (set : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-7673-X (v. 1 : hard-
cover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-7674-8 (v. 2 : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-
7876-7675-6 (v. 3 : hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Water—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2. Hydrology—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. I. Lerner, K.
Lee. II. Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth. III. Baker, Lawrence W.
GB662.3.U95 2005
553.7—dc22
2004021651
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-7876-9398-7 (set)
Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
S
Chapter 7
Science and Technology
S
Aqueducts
Aqueducts are man-made conduits constructed to carry
water. The term aqueduct comes from words meaning “to lead
water” in Latin, the language of the Romans who were the first
builders of large aqueducts. Aqueducts carry water from natu-
ral sources, such as springs, into cities and towns for public use.
The first aqueducts
Wells, rivers, lakes, and streams are the oldest sources of
water. In the ancient world however, rivers and lakes were also
sometimes used as places to dispose of sewage and trash. Water
from rivers that flowed though several villages often carried dis-
ease-causing organisms. Aqueducts provided a way for a plen-
tiful supply of clean water to be piped into cities.
The earliest aqueducts were also used to transport water for
irrigation (watering crops). Aqueducts were used in ancient
India, Persia, Assyria, and Egypt as early as 700
B
.
C
.
E
. The
Romans, however, are regarded as the most famous ancient
aqueduct builders. Between 312
B
.
C
.
E
. and 230
C
.
E
., the most
complex and efficient ancient system of aqueducts was built to
supply the city of Rome with water. Outside of the capital city
of Rome, the Romans built aqueducts throughout their large
empire. Ruins of ancient aqueducts can still be seen in Italy,
Greece, North Africa, Spain, and France.
How ancient aqueducts functioned
Ancient aqueducts used tunnels and channels (passages for
water to flow) to transport water. The earliest irrigation aque-
ducts were simple canals and ditches dug into the ground. In
199
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